Thursday, June 28, 2007

Matchmaking and species marriage: A game-theory model of community assembly

Institute of Ecosystem Studies, P.O. Box AB, Millbrook, NY 12545; and § Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853

Communicated by Edward O. Wilson, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, November 25, 2002 (received for review July 19, 2002)

Theories developed to explain the processes that govern the assembly and composition of natural plant communities can be divided into two broad categories. Niche-based theories propose that coevolutionary changes among species lead to character divergence (displacement), which allows for coexistence by partitioning resources among species. In contrast, ecological-drift theories propose that species diversity results from a balance of migration, speciation, and extinction, with little microevolutionary change. We use a game-theory model to reconcile drift and niche perspectives by developing a theory of species "marriage." Initially, ecological drift may determine which species encounter each other in a competitive arena. Once species come into contact, historical niche development as a result of prior coevolutionary molding of competitive ability determines which species may coexist. The model shows that only species that display the well-known tradeoff between seed size and competitive ability as a result of past competitive histories comply with the requisite for mutual evolutionary stability. Mutual evolutionary stability of competitive ability tends to make reproductive outputs more similar between species, increasing the chances of ecological equilibrium, i.e., the coexistence of species competing for a single resource. Moreover, mutual evolutionary stability guarantees that such an ecological equilibrium will be stable. The species-marriage model predicts that two or more plant species will coexist indefinitely (i.e., "marry") when their difference in seed size, their densities, and the resource availability obey a specific quantitative relation. For example, when resource availability is high, married species should be characterized by a greater asymmetry in seed size than when resource availability is low. Thus, in the species-marriage model, competition can shape the detailed properties of communities without violating the postulates of ecological-drift theory.


http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/100/4/1787


Wednesday, June 27, 2007

Beat the Dating Schemers

Beware the Schemers

Imagine you date or are thinking of dating through a reputable, online dating service. This will automatically give you reassurance about the company providing your dating prospects. But, let's be real. This does not ensure your dates are squeaky clean. That job is up to you.

Imagine giving your personal information to a stranger. To many strangers. Whom you know nothing about. Personal information exchanged through a dating service may be honest at your end, but there is no guarantee your prospect or date is being equally honest in the information they give you, or in their intent. Ditto for your in-person meetings or email exchanges.

You've seen it on television, in movies and read it in crime fiction books. Some people are up to no good. They are clever and work at setting up the conditions they need to achieve their goal. You, or someone like you, may be a means to an end for them.

Don't be squeamish. Name the Risk. What could they be up to? It doesn't take long for someone to learn a lot about you, your history, family, habits, work, friends and haunts and finances. It is possible someone may be prospecting for:

Money: a sugar daddy/mommy/family
Theft: a place loaded with goods and ripe for the picking
Sadism: someone to psychologically toy with
Scam: a gullible prospect for an investment scam
Hiding: a family and life to slip into and establish a new identify
Industrial espionage: getting inside information from you about your company/workplace/colleagues

Two-Step Risk Reduction

First, take precautions, just like you do in the bedroom.
Second, use due diligence, just like you do with a business partnership or your investments.

One - The Basics When it Comes to Precaution Until you know you want to take your date somewhere serious in your life, it is possible and advisable to have a line you don't cross. This information line relates to various aspects of your life and identifies how much of it you will or won't open up to your date. You choose.

It can include current information about yourself, your past, the details of your daily and weekly routines, areas of vulnerability, fears, your friends and their addresses and workplaces, and even where you live. This is to begin with and can remain so for as long as you feel the need.

A question of disclosure. You may want to meet for a while in venues you don't usually frequent. You may want to leave your car at home and take public transport, which keeps your car registration out of the picture and will expose anyone following you home to see where you live.

This line of what information you will give and withhold about your life is a form of simple self-preservation. A precaution. Don't hand over the keys to your life, until you want more intimacy with your date and have done the due diligence.

Two - The Basics When it Comes to Due Diligence Okay. So you want the relationship to become more serious, you want your date to come further into your life. Be clear with yourself sooner rather than later that this is what you want, and carry out due diligence before stepping up.

Run checks. You can do some of these checks yourself. Or you can hire a private investigator to run the checks for you. A PI may have greater access to forms of information than you do, for example, they may be a paying member of a website or organisation that provides more information about people than you can get for free on the internet.

Checks can include anything you have a 'nose' for. Anything that strikes you as begging for verification. Something odd your date has said.

Some of the more usual items to check are below. Don't be restricted by this list. If your gut or intuition is pulling your earlobe - listen. Act.

The usual items people ask to have verified. Name
Age
Address
Current Employment
Work History
Car Registration
Social Security
Criminal History
Financial History/Records
Property/Shares Portfolio
Associates/Friends/Childhood Connections
Memberships
Qualifications
Business/Social/Community Recognitions/Awards/Achievements
Hobbies
Marriages/Divorces/Previous&Current Partners
Unusual personal events, e.g. involvement in a car accident, house-fire, other.

Of course, discrepancies, gaps and contradictions between the information you have received directly and the information gathered in due diligence will raise anything from mild to serious questions for you. What you do with that is up to you. Generally, problem-solving with your head is a smart way to go; prevention is better than cure etc.

About the author:
R.T.Hág is a qualified, registered Private Investigator. She also writes crime fiction: short stories and novels and her free Crime Zine is available at http://www.seismicfish.com/crimezine.html

Dating and Relating: Holiday Gift Ideas for Him

Exchanging holiday gifts during the initial stages of a dating and relating poses many overwhelming questions; in particular, how much to give without appearing shuddersome? Over-gifting and even re-gifting are verisimilar to showing up at a celebration with an inappropriate party favorite. It's almost tantamount to bearing caviar and champagne to a tailgating party or showing up at a Passover Seder dressed in a Nazi costume.

During the midst of a budding relationship, there are not any written rules defining the proper gift versus an inappropriate one. In the realm of exchanging holiday gifts, two objectives are necessary to impactful giving: matching a present to the recipient's personal style and making a memorable impression.

Maria Luciano suffers from the propensity of over-gifting. She lavishes her suitors with extravagant gifts that scare the good guys away and lure the wrong ones in. Her last boyfriend of eight weeks made off with an iPod. Quite often, her generosity is misconstrued as giving in the name of desperation. Consequently, Maria has very few enduring relationships to show for her high credit card bills.

Then again, Ralph Jacobs does the complete opposite. Since he is carrying a lot of baggage from a failed marriage to a materialistic vixen, he opts for recycling gifts. His concept of giving entails re-gifting presents from family and friends. As a result, his giving pattern makes him appear as a cheap, selfish nincompoop.

While giving is not a pre-requisite to a sustaining a long-lasting relationship, there is an art to giving good presents. The dilemma with over-gifting is that the person on the receiving end deems the extravagant gift as a means to their affections. As far as re-gifting is concerned, it is recommended only if the objective is to turn-off the interest -because the message articulates "please do not take me seriously..."

http://e-datecentral.com/archives/holiday_gift_ideas.htm

How to Write a Winning Personal Ad

This is fact. There’s competition in online dating. A winning personal ad is must if you hope to get the right guy or gal.

This article is not about revealing “secrets” of writing personal ads as there’s no such animal. But follow the following tips and you will stand out of the crowd, which you must do to get noticed.

First draft your ad on a separate piece of paper or type it on a word-processing document such as Word, WordPad, and Notepad etc. Here are 10 steps to writing a winning personal ad:

1. Be honest: If you’re serious about finding that special someone don’t, repeat don’t, lie. Nothing’s as disappointing as finding out the guy/gal who claimed in emails that he/she works out regularly at the gym is 300ibs of adipose (fat) tissue.
2. As they say, a picture is worth a thousand words. Most people look at the photo before they even think of reading the ad. You may email, upload or mail the photo for scanning, all free. But please don’t use a picture of yourself when you were twenty if you are now 44! And oh yes, a smile helps too.
3. The top-rated dating sites allow you to upload a voice message with your ad. Your voice as well as manner of speech tells a lot about you. Use it the right way- no pretences please- and your ad will get attention.
4. Don’t just say what you think people want to hear. Example, if you say you have a healthy sense of humor, yet your ad is dull and boring… well, they just won’t buy it.
5.
Be realistic. Maybe you want to introduce some athletic genes into your family tree, but you will have a hard time finding an international Kenyan runner online.
6. Let your personality come through. Conversational style writing works best. If you have a sense of humor, use it but in good taste (don’t tell a dirty joke in a non-adult website, please). Ditto if you have a poetic touch- just don’t baffle them with Shakespearean talk.
7. Create an attention grabbing headline. Don’t be just another “DWM, 42, Seeking Love”. Be different. A little homework will help here. Study the personal headlines that grab your attention. Use these as model. You can even steal a headline or two, just don’t say I told you so (wink).
8. Describe yourself. You do know yourself, don’t you? Don’t be just another “Likes candle light dinners”. Who are you? What’s important to you? Do you enjoy long drives while appreciating nature’s beauty? Do you like Bach or Mozart? List these down.
9. This is more of an extension of #8 above: Instead of rambling on about the person you’re looking for, write about you own characteristics and personality. Put yourself in the other person’s shoes and ask yourself what you would like about YOU. List these down. Please be honest. All the same, avoid cheap modesty. If you have a special talent (example, you can play the piano really well), let it be known. Just state it as fact and not brag.
10. Be positive: You may be desperate and miserable, but please don’t let it show. Negativity repels. Likewise avoid “this is me, whether you like it or not” mentality. Not only is it obnoxious, it also reeks of insecurity and/arrogance. Be yourself, positively.
11. Polish your ad: You wouldn’t show up on your first date with unkempt hair and dirty clothes, I trust? Then check your ad for misspellings, bad sentences etc. Remove all the bits that might not interest your potential date. Be brief without losing essence: patience runs very thin online. Re-write till you’re completely satisfied- this might seem a pain in the rear, but the payoff is worth it.
12. BE HONEST! This can never be overstated.

Finished? Now you can transfer (or copy and paste) your extraordinary ad on to your favorite dating site and submit.

About the author:
David Kamau is the owner of http://e-datecentral.com. Receive updates, tips and articles about the e-date scene in you mailbox. Sign up for our free newsletter today at http://e-datecentral.com/subscribe.htm.

Dating Safety: 10 Tips on How to Stay Safe When Dating Online

Worried about online dating safety? Approached right, it is one of the safest, if not the safest forms of dating especially compared to random dating, blind dating or bar room dating. But that’s subject of another article. This article is about giving you tips to stay safe.

Nature has put women in a much more vulnerable position than men when it comes to safety. Therefore, these tips are mainly addressed to the ladies.

1. From the word go, never give out your personal details such as your real name, address, personal email, phone number or where you work until you’ve met and you are comfortable with the person. Never use your real name as your screen name.
2. Use a reputable dating site that has a good privacy policy posted on their site. Reputable dating sites protect your privacy, and even offer email address specifically for online dating.
3. Start slow. Don’t be pressured to meet or call the person. Ask questions (but don’t turn it into an interrogation). Begin communication by email only, and build up gradually.
4. Insist on picking the meeting place and stay away from home. Pick a place that is crowed and well lit. Avoid your favorite hang-outs as you could later be tracked from there. Don’t accept suggestions that will make you leave your safety zone (example, “let’s take a walk”).
5. Avoid alcohol. If you must drink, keep it well under control. Alcohol clouds judgment and makes one careless. Assaults have been known to be committed by seemingly “nice guys” under influence of alcohol.
6. Never leave your drink unattended. Something nasty could be slipped in. And don’t accept a drink ordered in your absence (while on visit to the ladies room, for example).
7. Ladies, never walk the man to his car or let him walk you to yours. This is danger zone. Leave in separate ways and at different times. Stay alert in case you’re being followed. Never drop your guard.
8. Trust your instincts. If you get bad vibes or something makes you uncomfortable, get out and leave. Be alert for inconsistencies and exaggerations and/or evasiveness.
9. Let a friend know of your meeting, time and the place. Give him/her a copy of your prospect’s photo, profile, and user name. Have your friend call you at designated time(s). You could also use the call as an escape if uncomfortable. No photo? Then no date. Never meet someone whose photo you don’t have.
10. When calling, block your number or use a calling card that can’t be traced back to you. You would be surprised at how much information a computer-savvy person can dig up about you with just a phone number.

Don’t let the above tips scare you from online dating. They are simply safe-guards against the (remote) chance of coming across the wrong type of person. As with almost everything else in life, approach internet dating with good judgment and good old common sense. Be safe… and have fun!

About the author:
David Kamau owns http://www.e-datecentral.com, which reviews dating sites. Find top-rated, reputable dating sites. Be e-date savvy, safe and successful: receive articles, tips and free ebooks=> http://www.e-datecentral.com/subscribe.htm

Online Dating: Are Free Trial Offers Worth Your Time?

Looking for the right dating site? Browse dating sites, and you will not fail to notice just how enticing they can be. How do you find out what really lies behind that enticing, graphics-laden home-page? How can you tell that the site is a good fit for you?

Most dating sites do offer a trial membership, which allows you to assess the quality of their service. In fact, you should be wary about joining a dating service without a free trial. But wait. There are a few other things to consider.

Knowing that most people online have become addicted to “quick fixes”, most dating sites offer what’s known as a tour, which is not a real trial. What’s the difference?

A tour is just that, a tour. You browse pictures of happy couples tied in loving embraces- you can almost feel chemistry flowing between. As intended you will likely get the unrealistic impression that those couple(s) found their love and happiness through that website.

A tour is quick and easy to take but also misleading. It is a waste of time, as it does not allow you to actually experience the features and benefits of site.

In contrast, a true free trial involves some degree of sign up. You may be required to answer questions and/or post a profile. A willingness to fully answer questions indicates commitment on your part and goes to show that you’re not just another joker with too much time in his/her hands.

Also, a true trial allows you enjoy most of the site’s features without paying, for a period of time. But note that the trial is geared towards getting you to become a paid member (which is fair and reasonable) therefore you’ll get a teaser here and there regarding features only available to paid members. Well, stick with the free trial till it’s over.

There are, basically, two types of free trial memberships. One is unlimited (to an extent) in features but limited in period. The other is limited in features but unlimited in period. Some sites offer something across the two, giving or taking features and/or trial period. Which is better?

It is best to go with the first type; unlimited in features but limited in period. Why?

Because this allows you to get a true “feel” of the site by letting you enjoy most of the benefits of a paid membership, without making a commitment. It’s the best way to learn what makes the site tick (or not).

Before signing up for a free trial, bear in mind that it will only be available for a limited time, therefore be prepared. Have your photo ready to submit along with your profile. Once you’ve hit the “Submit” or similar button the clock starts ticking.

You should take full advantage of the free trial while it lasts. If you’re new to online dating, this is a great way to gain some experience and get over your fears and/or any prejudices.

Start initiating as many contacts as possible, right away. Send as many emails as you can. Answer to all emails except, of course, those with inappropriate massages.

While on the free trial keep in mind that your purpose is to find out whether the site is a good fit for your particular needs.

Browse as many profiles as you can. Check whether the site has large numbers of the kind of people you seek, in order to open up your choices.

You should also be able to search prospects by specifics such as age, gender, and even hair color and education level if these are important to you, as well as geographical location.

Other features to look for are private chat rooms, so you may talk with prospects and a private email address specifically for dating messages- most top rated dating sites offer this to protect your privacy. By all means, attempt to use all the features available to you.

When the trial period ends, assess whether it’s a good fit to your personality and needs. Be prepared to ready to sign up for full membership or opt out. If you opt out… well, at least you did not waste your time, and you have gained some experience for free.

Now, don't play shy. Sign up for a free trial with a dating site or two that interest you and have a great time meeting new people. Your perfect match may be waiting right now to spark a little romance into your life!

About the author:
David Kamau owns http://www.e-datecentral.com. Check out top-rated online dating sites that offer free trials at: http://www.e-datecentral.com/personals/free_trials.htm

10 Tips on How to Respond to Personal Ad

Looking for the right dating site? Browse dating sites, and you will not fail to notice just how enticing they can be. How do you find out what really lies behind that enticing, graphics-laden home-page? How can you tell that the site is a good fit for you?

Most dating sites do offer a trial membership, which allows you to assess the quality of their service. In fact, you should be wary about joining a dating service without a free trial. But wait. There are a few other things to consider.

Knowing that most people online have become addicted to “quick fixes”, most dating sites offer what’s known as a tour, which is not a real trial. What’s the difference?

A tour is just that, a tour. You browse pictures of happy couples tied in loving embraces- you can almost feel chemistry flowing between. As intended you will likely get the unrealistic impression that those couple(s) found their love and happiness through that website.

A tour is quick and easy to take but also misleading. It is a waste of time, as it does not allow you to actually experience the features and benefits of site.

In contrast, a true free trial involves some degree of sign up. You may be required to answer questions and/or post a profile. A willingness to fully answer questions indicates commitment on your part and goes to show that you’re not just another joker with too much time in his/her hands.

Also, a true trial allows you enjoy most of the site’s features without paying, for a period of time. But note that the trial is geared towards getting you to become a paid member (which is fair and reasonable) therefore you’ll get a teaser here and there regarding features only available to paid members. Well, stick with the free trial till it’s over.

There are, basically, two types of free trial memberships. One is unlimited (to an extent) in features but limited in period. The other is limited in features but unlimited in period. Some sites offer something across the two, giving or taking features and/or trial period. Which is better?

It is best to go with the first type; unlimited in features but limited in period. Why?

Because this allows you to get a true “feel” of the site by letting you enjoy most of the benefits of a paid membership, without making a commitment. It’s the best way to learn what makes the site tick (or not).

Before signing up for a free trial, bear in mind that it will only be available for a limited time, therefore be prepared. Have your photo ready to submit along with your profile. Once you’ve hit the “Submit” or similar button the clock starts ticking.

You should take full advantage of the free trial while it lasts. If you’re new to online dating, this is a great way to gain some experience and get over your fears and/or any prejudices.

Start initiating as many contacts as possible, right away. Send as many emails as you can. Answer to all emails except, of course, those with inappropriate massages.

While on the free trial keep in mind that your purpose is to find out whether the site is a good fit for your particular needs.

Browse as many profiles as you can. Check whether the site has large numbers of the kind of people you seek, in order to open up your choices.

You should also be able to search prospects by specifics such as age, gender, and even hair color and education level if these are important to you, as well as geographical location.

Other features to look for are private chat rooms, so you may talk with prospects and a private email address specifically for dating messages- most top rated dating sites offer this to protect your privacy. By all means, attempt to use all the features available to you.

When the trial period ends, assess whether it’s a good fit to your personality and needs. Be prepared to ready to sign up for full membership or opt out. If you opt out… well, at least you did not waste your time, and you have gained some experience for free.

Now, don't play shy. Sign up for a free trial with a dating site or two that interest you and have a great time meeting new people. Your perfect match may be waiting right now to spark a little romance into your life!

About the author:
David Kamau owns http://www.e-DateCentral.com which reviews dating sites. Receive FREE dating, relationships and romance ebooks, plus advice and tips. Go to http://e-datecentral.com/subscribe.htm